Kernel Density function

Available with Spatial Analyst license.

Overview

Calculates a magnitude-per-unit area from point or polyline features using a kernel function to fit a smoothly tapered surface to each point or polyline. A barrier can be used to alter the influence of a feature while calculating Kernel Density.

Learn more about how Kernel Density works

This is a global raster function.

Notes

Very large or very small values in the Population Field can give results that may not be intuitive. If the mean of the Population Field is much bigger than 1 (for example, as with city populations), the default search radius might be very small, resulting in small rings around the input points. If the mean of the Population Field is much smaller than 1, the calculated bandwidth might seem unreasonably large. In these cases, you may want to enter your own Search Radius.

Larger Search Radius values produce a smoother, more generalized density raster. Smaller values produce a raster that shows more detail. Only the points or portions of a line that fall within this neighborhood are considered in calculating density. If no points or line sections fall within the neighborhood of a particular pixel, that pixel is assigned NoData.

If the Area Unit scale factor units are small, relative to the features (distance between points or length of line sections, depending on feature type), the output values may be small. To obtain larger values, select the area unit scale factor for larger units (for example, Square Kilometers versus Square Meters).

The density calculations are dependent on accurate distance and area calculations. It is recommended that in most cases the Method should be set to Geodesic. The Planar method may be appropriate if the analysis is to be performed on a local area with a projection that accurately maintains the correct distance and area.

See Analysis environments and Spatial Analyst for additional details on the geoprocessing Environments that apply to this function.

Parameters

Parameter name	Description
Input Features (Required)	The input point or line features for which to calculate the density.
Population Field (Required)	Field denoting population values for each feature. The Population Field is the count or quantity to be spread across the landscape to create a continuous surface. Values in the population field may be integer or floating point. The options and default behaviors for the field are listed below in the order of priority. Use None if no item or special value will be used and each feature will be counted once. Use Shape if the input features contains Z. Otherwise, the default field is POPULATION, or any acceptable derivative of population: POPULATIONxxxx—where xxxx can be any valid character, such as POPULATION6, POPULATION1974, or POPULATIONROADTYPE. POP POPxxxx If none of the above apply, then the default is None.
Cellsize	The pixel size for the output raster dataset. If the Cellsize has been set in the geoprocessing Environments it will be the default.
Search Radius	The search radius within which to calculate density. Units are based on the linear unit of the projection. For example, if the units are in meters—to include all features within a one-mile neighborhood—set the search radius equal to 1609.344 (since 1 mile = 1609.344 meters).
Area Units	The desired area units of the output density values. Square Map Units—For the square of the linear units of the output spatial reference. Square Miles—For (U.S.) miles. Square Kilometers—For kilometers. Acres—For (U.S.) acres. Hectares—For hectares. Square Meters—For meters. Square Yards—For (U.S.) yards. Square Feet—For (U.S.) feet. Square Inches—For (U.S.) inches. Square Centimeters—For centimeters. Square Millimeters—For millimeters.
Output Cell Values	Determines what the values in the output raster represent. Densities—The output values represent the predicted density value. This is the default. Expected Counts—The output values represent the predicted amount of the phenomenon within each pixel. Since the pixel value is linked to the specified Cellsize, the resulting raster cannot be resampled to a different pixel size and still represent the amount of the phenomenon.
Method	Determines whether to use a shortest path on a spheroid (geodesic) or a flat earth (planar) method. Planar—Uses planar distances between the features. This is the default. Geodesic—Uses geodesic distances between features. This method takes into account the curvature of the spheroid and correctly deals with data near the poles and the International dateline. It is recommended to use the Geodesic method with data stored in a coordinate system that is not appropriate for distance measurements and any analysis that spans a large geographic area. For example, Web Mercator or any geographic coordinate system should use the Geodesic method.

Environment settings

Geoprocessing environment settings for global functions are controlled at the application level. Setting processing environments in ArcGIS Pro can be done by clicking the Environments button on the Analysis tab. See Analysis environments and Spatial Analyst for additional details on environment settings.

The following environments are supported by this global function:

• Auto Commit
• Cell size
• Current workspace
• Extent
• Geographic Transformations
• Mask
• Output CONFIG Keyword
• Output Coordinate System
• Scratch Workspace
• Snap Raster
• Tile Size