Symbolize map layers

Symbology is the use of symbols to represent the features and attributes of a map layer. For example, in a layer of cities, black circles might symbolize the cities. The size of the circles might be varied to symbolize each city's population. Symbols are defined by visual properties such as shape, size, color, spacing, and (in 3D) perspective height.

Overview

Symbolize map layers overview video

• Video length: 3:42
• This video was created with ArcGIS Pro 2.3.

In this tutorial you will symbolize point, line, and polygon features; customize symbols and set visibility ranges; and apply Unique Value symbols to bus routes. You will also apply heat map symbology to population density.

• Estimated time: 40 minutes
• Software requirements: ArcGIS Pro

Open the project

In this project, you'll make a map of bus stops, bus routes, and population density in Christchurch, New Zealand.

1. Start ArcGIS Pro and sign in if necessary.
2. On the start page, under your recent projects, click Open another project.

   Note:

   If you already have a project open, click the Project tab on the ribbon. In the list of menu items on the left, click Open. On the Open page, click Portal and click Open another project at the bottom of the page.

3. On the Open Project dialog box, under Portal , click ArcGIS Online .

   Note:

   If you see ArcGIS Enterprise listed instead, you must add a portal connection or set your active portal to ArcGIS Online. Alternatively, you can download the tutorial data from a browser.

4. At the top of the dialog box, in the Search box, type Symbolize map layers tutorial and press the Enter key.
5. In the list of search results, click Symbolize map layers to select the project package.

   Note:

   If there is more than one project package with this name, look at the Owner column. Select the item with the owner name ArcGISProTutorials. If you don't get any results, see No search results are returned.

6. Click OK.

   The project opens with a map view of New Zealand. You'll zoom in to the study area of Christchurch. With a population of 381,800, Christchurch is the third-largest city in New Zealand.

   

7. On the ribbon, click the Map tab if necessary. In the Navigate group, click Bookmarks and click Christchurch Urban Area.

   The map zooms in to the urban area. The Urban Area layer is symbolized with a light-green fill color and a black outline.

Symbolize the urban area

The purpose of the Urban Area layer is to define the study area boundary. The solid fill, however, obscures the basemap. You'll change the symbol to make the interior area hollow. You'll also give the boundary a softer, shaded appearance.

1. On the ribbon, click the View tab. In the Windows group, click Reset Panes and click Reset Panes for Mapping (Default).

   This ensures that the Contents and Catalog panes are open and that other panes are closed.

2. In the Contents pane, click the Urban Area layer to select it.

   On the ribbon, the Feature Layer contextual tab set appears.

3. On the ribbon, under Feature Layer, click the Appearance tab. In the Drawing group, click Symbology .

   Note:

   The Symbology button is a split button. Click the top half of the button (the icon) unless otherwise noted.

   The Symbology pane appears. At the top of the pane, the Primary symbology tab is selected . The primary symbology method is Single Symbol, which means that all features in the layer are drawn with the same symbol. (In this case, the layer only has one feature.)

4. In the Symbology pane, next to Symbol, click the symbol.

   The pane changes to show symbol formatting options.

5. At the top of the pane, click the Gallery tab if necessary.
6. In the search box, type extent transparent and press the Enter key.

   In the ArcGIS 2D style, several symbols are available with different colors and outlines. You can hover over the symbols to get more information.

7. Click the Extent Transparent Gray symbol to select it.

   

   Your symbols may be arranged differently.

   The symbology for the Urban Area layer updates on the map and in the Contents pane. You can see through the symbol to the basemap underneath. This is a good start, but your goal is to create the effect of a shaded boundary with a transparent interior.

   

   Left: The urban area is symbolized with a partly transparent gray fill. Right: The desired effect is a shaded boundary with a fully transparent interior.

8. At the top of the Symbology pane, click the Properties tab.

   The Properties tab has three graphical tabs under it. On the Symbol tab , you can change symbol properties such as fill color, outline color, and outline width.

9. Click the Layers tab .

   On this tab, you can change properties of the graphical elements, or symbol layers, that the symbol is composed of. This gives you more control over the symbol's appearance. This symbol is composed of two symbol layers: a stroke and a fill.

10. Click the Structure tab .

    On this tab, you can change the symbol's structure by adding and removing symbol layers. You can also apply effects. In this case, you'll add a donut effect to the fill layer. The donut effect restricts the gray fill to a ring at the edge of the polygon. The interior is transparent, like the hole in a donut.

11. On the Structure tab, under Layers, under the fill symbol layer, click Add effect. On the drop-down menu, click Donut.

    

    The effect is previewed in the window at the bottom of the pane. Now that you have applied the effect, you'll specify its width on the Layers tab.

12. Click the Layers tab .
13. Click the Solid fill symbol layer to work with its properties. Expand the Donut effect heading and change the Width to 6 pt.

    

    The symbol preview is updated at the bottom of the pane.

14. Click Apply.

    The new symbology is applied to the map.

15. In the Contents pane, turn on the Bus Stops and Bus Routes layers.

    You'll change the symbology for both layers in the next sections. First, you'll choose a more neutral basemap.

16. On the ribbon, click the Map tab. In the Layer group, click Basemap and click Light Gray Canvas.

    The light gray canvas basemap includes two layers: the Light Gray Base layer at the bottom of the Contents pane and the Light Gray Reference layer at the top. For this map, you don't need the reference layer.

    Note:

    The contents of your basemap gallery may be different. If you don't see Light Gray Canvas, use a similar basemap, such as World Light Gray Canvas.

17. In the Contents pane, right-click the Light Gray Reference layer and click Remove .

    

    Before continuing, you'll save your changes.

18. On the Quick Access Toolbar, click Save to save the project.

Symbolize the bus stops

The current symbol for the Bus Stops layer is a small dark circle. You'll replace it with a symbol that represents bus stops more precisely.

1. In the Contents pane, click the Bus Stops layer to select it.
2. In the Symbology pane, next to Symbol, click the symbol.

   The pane presents formatting options for point symbols.

   Tip:

   If you previously closed the Symbology pane, you can open the pane directly to its symbol formatting options by clicking the symbol for the Bus Stops layer in the Contents pane.

3. At the top of the pane, click the Gallery tab.
4. In the search box, type bus and press the Enter key.

   

   In the ArcGIS 2D style, symbols for bus stations are found. These symbols are suitable for bus stops too.

5. Click the smallest bus station symbol to select it.

   The map and Contents pane update with the new symbol. You'll change the symbol properties.

6. In the Symbology pane, click the Properties tab and click the Symbol tab under it.
7. Under Appearance, click the Color drop-down arrow. On the color palette, click Cabernet (last row, last column).

   Tip:

   When you hover over a color square, its name appears.

8. Change the size to 8 pt and press the Enter key. Click Apply.

   

9. At the bottom of the Symbology pane, under the symbol preview, change the magnification setting to Zoom to fit.

   The symbol preview shows that the Cabernet color is applied to the bus icon but not to the outline.

10. Click the Layers tab .

    The Bus Station symbol is composed of two marker symbol layers: the bus icon and a white circle with a gray outline.

11. Click the white circle symbol layer to select it.

    

12. Under Appearance, click the Outline color drop-down arrow and click Cabernet.

    In the preview window, the icon and the outline are now the same color.

13. Click Apply.

    The bus stop symbol is updated on the map and in the Contents pane. At the current map scale, the symbols clutter the map. You'll set a visibility range for the layer so the symbols display only when the map zooms in.

14. In the Contents pane, select the Bus Stops layer if necessary.
15. On the ribbon, under Feature Layer, click the Appearance tab. In the Visibility Range group, click the drop-down menu next to Out Beyond and click 1:24,000. (If this value doesn't appear in the list, you can type it in the box.)

    The symbols disappear from the map. In the Contents pane, the layer's check mark is gray. This means that the layer is turned on but not visible at the current map scale.

16. In the Contents pane, right-click the Bus Stops layer and click Zoom To Make Visible .

    

    The map zooms in to a scale of 1:24,000 and the bus stops display.

17. On the ribbon, click the Map tab. In the Navigate group, click Previous Extent to return to the full urban area.
18. On the Quick Access Toolbar, click Save to save the project.

Symbolize the bus routes

The bus routes are currently drawn with a single symbol. The attribute table for the layer contains attributes such as route names, route directions, and route types that can be used to symbolize the features in more meaningful ways.

1. In the Contents pane, click the Bus Routes layer to select it.
2. Right-click the selected layer and click Attribute Table .

   The attribute table opens. You'll symbolize the routes according to their values in the Type field.

3. Scroll down through the table and look at the values in the Type field.

   There are four route types:

   • City connectors connect suburbs to the city.
   • Suburban links connect suburbs to each other.
   • Metro lines follow major roads.
   • Ferries connect the suburb of Lyttelton to Diamond Harbour.

   You'll represent each route type with a different color.

4. Close the Bus Routes attribute table.
5. In the Symbology pane, click the Primary symbology drop-down menu and click Unique Values.
6. Click the Field 1 drop-down menu and click Type.

   In the lower half of the pane, on the Classes tab, symbols are assigned to the unique values in the Type field. The map and the Contents pane are updated.

   

   There is also a gray symbol representing all other values. You don't need this symbol for this layer.

7. In the Symbology pane, on the Classes tab in the lower half of the pane, click More and uncheck Show all other values.

   The <all other values> symbol is removed.

   Tip:

   The <all other values> symbol is used for features that you want to display but don't need to differentiate. For example, suppose that Metro Line routes are the focus of your map and the other routes are background information. You can remove the other route types on the Classes tab by right-clicking them and clicking Remove . The features for the removed routes still draw on the map but are symbolized with the <all other values> symbol. See Unique values for more information.

8. Click More again and click Format all symbols.
9. At the top of the pane, click the Gallery tab. In the search box, type minor road and press the Enter key.
10. In the ArcGIS 2D style, click the Minor Road symbol with the black outline.

    

    You'll apply a color scheme to the new symbol.

11. At the top of the Symbology pane, click Back .
12. On the Primary Symbology tab , click the Color scheme drop-down arrow. At the bottom of the list of color schemes, check the Show names check box.

    Tip:

    You can also hover over a color scheme to see its name.

13. Click the Dark 2 (4 classes) scheme.

    You'll change the Ferry symbol because ferry routes are conventionally symbolized with dashed lines.

14. In the lower half of the pane, click the line symbol for Ferry to show the symbol gallery.
15. In the search box, type ferry and press the Enter key. In the ArcGIS 2D style, click the Ferry symbol.

    

    Tip:

    You can browse to symbols in the gallery as well as search for them.

    On this map, the ferry symbol would look better if it were darker.

16. At the top of the pane, click the Properties tab. On the Symbol tab , under Appearance, click the Color drop-down arrow and click Dark Navy. Click Apply.

    

    The symbol updates in the Contents pane and on the map.

    

    The bus route symbology can be further improved. You'll use symbol layer drawing for more control over the symbology at road crossings and overlaps.

    

    Left: Suburban Link routes cross each other. You'll remove the road casings (the black outlines) at the intersections. Right: A blue Metro Line and a red Suburban Link share the same route, and a Suburban Link crosses a City Connector. You'll specify which features in the layer draw on top of which others.

17. At the top of the Symbology pane, click Back .
18. At the top of the pane, click the Symbol layer drawing tab .
19. Click Enable symbol layer drawing.

    

20. On the Basic tab, drag Metro Line to the top of the Drawing Order list.
21. Drag Ferry to the bottom of the list.

    

    The map updates as you change the drawing order. Metro Line features now draw on top of other bus routes, which means that a metro line is never visually interrupted by another route. Likewise, City Connector features draw on top of Suburban Link features.

    Note:

    Symbol drawing order is independent of the order of symbol classes in the Contents pane. In the Contents pane, the symbol classes, representing the four unique route types, are still in their default alphabetical order. You can change this order by dragging symbol classes up and down on the Primary symbology tab .

    In the Symbology pane, notice that three of the routes are set to Join. This setting removes road casings where features of the same route type intersect. You'll change the setting to Join and Merge to remove road casings at intersections between different route types.

    

    Left: The Join setting removes road casings where features of the same route type intersect. Right: The Join and Merge setting also removes road casings where features of different route types intersect. (The casings are not actually removed—they are drawn over.)

22. Click the drop-down arrow next to City Connector and click Join and Merge. Click the drop-down arrow next to Suburban Link and click Join and Merge.

    The map updates to reflect the settings.

    Note:

    The Join and Merge setting affects the drawing behavior of a symbol in relation to the symbol above it. There is no Join and Merge setting for the Metro Line symbol because it is at the top of the drawing order. Both the Join and Join and Merge settings affect the drawing relationship of a symbol's component symbol layers (in this case, the two stroke layers, representing roads and casings, that make up the bus route symbols). The only available setting for the Ferry symbol is No Join because this symbol is composed of a single stroke layer. For more information, see Symbol layer drawing.

23. Zoom the map to a larger scale, such as 1:50,000, to see the effect better. Pan to different parts of the urban area.

    Tip:

    To zoom to an exact scale, type a value in the scale box at the bottom of the map view or choose a value from the drop-down list.

24. When you're finished, zoom to the Christchurch Urban Area bookmark.
25. On the Quick Access Toolbar, click Save .

Symbolize population

Finally, you'll symbolize the population in the Christchurch urban area to visualize the relationship between bus routes and population.

1. In the Contents pane, turn on the Population layer.

   A dense layer of points covers the urban area. Each point is the center of a meshblock. A meshblock, like a United States census block, is a small area for which census data is collected. In this layer, each point stores the population of its meshblock.

2. On the map, click a population point.

   

   The Pop-up pane shows the population for the meshblock associated with the point. By drawing the layer as a heat map, you can see where population is concentrated.

3. Close the Pop-up pane.
4. In the Contents pane, click the Population layer to select it if necessary.
5. In the Symbology pane, click the Primary symbology tab . Click the Primary symbology drop-down menu and click Heat Map.

   The heat map displays. At the moment, it represents the density of the points, not their population values.

6. In the Symbology pane, click the Weight field drop-down menu and click Pop 2013.

   To display the new symbology properly, you'll set the heat map to update dynamically when you make changes.

7. Click the Method drop-down arrow and click Dynamic.

   The heat map now represents population density. Yellow areas are high density, red and purple are in the middle, and blue areas are low density. You can show more variation in the map by adjusting the Radius setting.

8. Change the Radius to 15 and press the Enter key.

   The pattern shows more local variation. The larger the radius value, the more generalized the pattern. You can experiment with different settings—no value is right or wrong.

   The heat map covers the bus routes, so you'll change the order of layers in the Contents pane.

9. In the Contents pane, drag the Population layer under the Bus Routes layer. Make sure that the Population layer is still selected in the Contents pane.
10. On the ribbon, under Feature Layer, click the Appearance tab. In the Effects group, in the Layer Transparency box type 65.
11. In the Visibility Range group, click the drop-down arrow next to In Beyond and click 1:50,000 to set the maximum display scale for the heat map.

    At larger scales, the pattern is too local and the heat map looks bubbly.

12. Zoom and pan to explore the map.

    

    The bus routes correspond well to the populated parts of the urban area.

13. On the Quick Access Toolbar, click Save .

In this tutorial, you used different primary symbology methods—Single Symbol, Unique Values, and Heat Map—to draw the layers in your map. You also worked with symbol layers and structure to enhance the primary symbology in many ways. There are more primary symbology methods to explore and many more ways to customize symbols for your maps. To be inspired by examples of maps designed with ArcGIS Pro and other ArcGIS applications, visit the Maps We Love site.

Next, try the Label your map or Make a layout tutorials.