Visualization Display Themes for the Space Time Cube

The Visualize Space Time Cube in 2D and Visualize Space Time Cube in 3D tools can be used to visualize and explore the variables and analysis results stored in netCDF cubes created using the Create Space Time Cube By Aggregating Points, Create Space Time Cube From Defined Locations, and Create Space Time Cube From Multidimensional Raster Layer tools. The outputs vary based on the Cube Variable and Display Theme parameter values specified for each tool. The following tables contains brief descriptions and links to more information for each Display Theme (3D and 2D) value:

Display Themes for 3DDescription

Value

The numeric value of the Cube Variable parameter will be displayed.

Hot and cold spot results

The statistical significance of each bin will be displayed based on the space-time hot spot analysis run in Emerging Hot Spot Analysis.

Estimated bins

Bins with estimated values will be displayed.

Cluster and outlier results

The cluster or outlier type (COType) for each bin determined by Local Outlier Analysis will be displayed.

Temporal aggregation count

The count of records aggregated into each space-time bin will be displayed.

Forecast results

The input time steps and the resulting forecasted values from the Time Series Forecasting tools will be displayed.

Time series change points

The results of the Change Point Detection tool will be displayed. The output will contain fields indicating whether each time step is a change point along with estimates of the mean or standard deviation for the current and previous time step.

Time series outlier results

The results of the Outlier Option parameter in the Time Series Forecasting tools will be displayed.

Display Themes for 2DDescription

Locations with data

All locations that contain data for the cube variable parameter will be displayed.

Trends

The trend of values at each location that were determined using the Mann-Kendall statistic will be displayed.

Hot and cold spot trends

The trend of z-scores at each location that were determined using the Mann-Kendall statistic will be displayed.

Emerging Hot Spot Analysis results

The results of the Emerging Hot Spot Analysis tool will be displayed.

Local Outlier Analysis results

The results of the Local Outlier Analysis tool will be displayed.

Percentage of local outliers

The total percentage of outliers at each location will be displayed.

Local outlier in the most recent time period

The outliers occurring in the most recent time period will be displayed.

Time Series Clustering results

The results of the Time Series Clustering tool will be displayed.

Locations without spatial neighbors

Locations that have no spatial neighbors for the last analysis run will be displayed. These locations rely only on temporal neighbors for analysis.

Number of estimated bins

The number of bins that were estimated for each location will be displayed.

Locations excluded from analysis

The locations that were excluded from analysis because they had empty bins that did not meet the criteria for estimation will be displayed.

Forecast results

The results of a tool in the Time Series Forecasting toolset will be displayed.

Time series change points

The results of the Change Point Detection tool will be displayed.

Time series outlier results

The results of the outlier option parameter in the Time Series Forecasting tools will be displayed.

Time Series Cross Correlation results

The results of the Time Series Cross Correlation tool will be displayed.

Display themes for 3D

The following themes can be displayed in a globe scene. Descriptions of each Display Theme option available in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 3D tool are provided.

Value

With the Value option, the raw numeric value of the selected Cube Variable value is displayed for each bin in the space-time cube. This can be particularly important to visualize if you are aggregating during cube creation by either aggregating points into bins or temporally into locations.

Output of the Value display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 3D tool

A chart is also created displaying the value over time for the entire space-time cube.

Chart output of the Value display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 3D tool

Hot and cold spot results

The Hot and cold spot results option shows the statistical significance of each bin based on the space-time hot spot analysis run in the Emerging Hot Spot Analysis tool. The tool calculates the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic for each bin based on the neighborhood set in the tool run. The Emerging Hot Spot Analysis results option in 2D identifies trends in these results.

Output of the Hot and cold spot results display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 3D tool

A chart output is also created plotting the z-scores over time for the entire cube.

Chart output of the Hot and cold spot results display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 3D tool

Cluster and outlier results

The Cluster and outlier results option displays the COType attribute assigned to each bin from the space-time analysis run in the Local Outlier Analysis tool. The tool calculates the Anselin Local Moran's I statistic for each bin based on the neighborhood parameters set in the tool run. The Local Outlier Analysis results option in 2D categorizes these results by location.

Output of the Cluster and outlier results display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 3D tool

This parameter option also includes a Moran's Scatterplot chart, which can be used to identify space-time bins that are outliers or anomalies.

Moran's Scatterplot chart with the Cluster and outlier results display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 3D tool

Estimated bins

When the cube is created, some bins may have been estimated using the Summary Fields or Fill Empty Bins with parameters. Bins with estimated values are displayed with this display option. This can be useful information for locations that have many estimated bins in sequence either at the beginning or end of the time series at a location, as you may not be able to trust forecasting results in these particular locations.

Output of the Estimated bins display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 3D tool

Temporal aggregation count

The Temporal aggregation count option displays the count of records aggregated into each space-time bin. This can be helpful to gauge the density of records that were input into each bin when the space-time cube was created.

Forecast results

The Forecast results option displays the results of the forecast method for the selected Cube Variable value. The original time steps of the Input Space Time Cube parameter and the forecasted values added from time series forecasting are displayed.

Output of the Forecast results display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 3D tool

This option also includes a chart displaying the forecast results over time for the entire cube.

Output of the Forecast results display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 3D tool

Time series change points

The Time series change points option displays the detected change points in 3D. Time steps that are detected as change points are drawn in purple and labeled Change Point, and time steps that are not detected as change points are drawn in light gray and labeled Not a Change Point. The output will contain fields indicating whether each time step is a change point along with estimates of the mean or standard deviation for the current and previous time step.

Output of the Time series change points display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 3D tool

Time series outlier results

The Time series outlier results option displays the temporal outliers found when using the Outlier Option parameter in the Time Series Forecasting tools for the specified Cube Variable value.

Output of the Time series outlier results display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 3D tool

Display themes for 2D

The following themes can be displayed in a map. Descriptions of each display theme available in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 2D tool are described.

Locations with data

The Locations with data option allows you to see all locations that contain data for the selected Cube Variable value and drops locations for areas where no points were aggregated. This option is always available for every cube created by aggregating points.

Output of the Locations with data display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 2D tool

Trends

The Trends option shows where values in the space-time cube have been increasing or decreasing over time. These trend results are calculated using the Mann-Kendall statistic run on the specified Cube Variable value selected for each location.

Output of the Trends display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 2D tool

Hot and cold spot trends

The Hot and cold spot trends option shows where the z-scores for each location have been increasing or decreasing over time. These results are calculated using the Mann-Kendall statistic run on the z-scores for the specified Cube Variable value selected for each location.

Output of the Hot and cold spot trends display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 2D tool

Emerging Hot Spot Analysis results

With the Emerging Hot Spot Analysis results option, the results of the Emerging Hot Spot Analysis tool that are stored in the space-time cube for each location are re-created and displayed. These results identify trends for each location in the cube including new, intensifying, or diminishing hot spots and cold spots.

Output of the Emerging Hot Spot Analysis results display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 2D tool

Local Outlier Analysis results

With the Local Outlier Analysis results option, the results of the Local Outlier Analysis tool are re-created and displayed. These results indicate significant clusters and outliers in the space-time cube by bin and then categorize each location by results over time.

Output of the Local Outlier Analysis display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 2D tool

Percentage of local outliers

The Percentage of local outliers option shows the total percentage of outliers at each location over time. This can be useful to identify and investigate which locations were outliers more often compared to their neighbors.

Local outlier in the most recent time period

The Local outlier in the most recent time period option shows all locations that were considered outliers most recently.

Output of the Local outlier in the most recent time period display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 2D tool

Time Series Clustering results

The Time Series Clustering results option re-creates and displays the results of the Time Series Clustering tool for the Cube Variable value specified. The Time Series Clustering tool identifies the locations in a space-time cube that are the most similar and partitions them into distinct clusters in which members of each cluster have similar time series characteristics. Time series similarity can be clustered in a variety of ways, such as similar values across time or similar periodic patterns across time.

Output of the Time Series Clustering results display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 2D tool

Locations without spatial neighbors

For the last analysis run, the Locations without spatial neighbors option shows all locations that have no spatial neighbors and, as a result, rely on temporal neighbors for the analysis. This can be useful, as it indicates locations that rely on less information in the analysis than its neighbors.

Output of the Locations without spatial neighbors display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 2D tool

Number of estimated bins

The results of the Number of estimated bins option display the number of bins that were estimated for each location. Analysis results for locations with a high number of estimated bins should be investigated to confirm that the analysis results can be trusted.

Locations excluded from analysis

The Locations excluded from analysis option displays locations that did not meet the requirement for estimation for the specified analysis.

Output of the Locations excluded from analysis display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 2D tool

Time series change points

The Time series change points option displays the number of change points detected at each location.

Output of the Time series change points display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 2D tool

The output features include pop-up charts displaying the original time series with orange circles representing change points and dashed green lines indicating segment mean values.

Output of the Time series change points display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 2D tool

Time series outlier results

The results of the Outlier Option parameter in the Time Series Forecasting tools for the specified Cube Variable value are displayed. These locations indicate locations that contain space-time bins considered temporal outliers for the selected Cube Variable value and the analysis that is run. Time series outliers can be values that significantly differ from the patterns and trends of the other values in the time series or possibly indicate data entry errors. Even a small number of outliers in the time series of a location can reduce the accuracy and reliability of forecasts. Locations with outliers, particularly with outliers toward the beginning or end of the time series, can generate misleading forecasts. These locations can help you determine how confident you should be in the forecasted values at each location.

The Time series outlier results option also outputs a bar chart showing the number of temporal outliers for each time step.

Output of the Time series outlier results display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 2D tool

Time series cross correlation results

The Time series cross correlation results option displays a group layer of the cross correlation results. The layers summarize the strongest correlations (positive, negative, and absolute) at each location, the cross correlations of each time lag, and the statistical significance of the correlations.

Output of the Time series cross correlation results display theme in the Visualize Space Time Cube in 2D tool

Additional resources